What Are Stock Exchanges? How They Work, Types and Benefits

A stock exchange is an important component of the capital market. It provides a safe and organized platform for trading, governed by clear rules and regulations. This includes buying and selling different securities issued by publicly listed companies. Also, shares and loans are issued by governmental, municipal, and public entities.

What Is A Stock Exchange?

A stock exchange is an organized and regulated financial marketplace where securities like stocks and bonds are traded. It is also a marketplace for investors to buy and sell shares in publicly listed companies. By connecting brokers and trading systems. Stock exchanges help buyers and sellers trade assets, find prices, and increase liquidity in the capital markets.

What Is A Stock?

A stock represents a share of ownership in a company, allowing the holder to have a portion of its assets and profits. Shareholders are also called investors who gain from the company’s growth and profitability.

Types Of Stock Exchanges

The stock exchange is grouped into three major categories, which are the National, Regional, and Global stock exchanges.

1. National Stock Exchange

They run within their respective countries and are overseen by local financial regulators. Some of these financial regulators include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in the United States, the London Stock Exchange (LSE) in the United Kingdom, and the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) in Japan.

2. Regional Stock Exchange

This is located outside a country’s main financial centre. It allows companies that do not meet the national exchange requirements to list their stocks. However, companies that qualify for the national exchanges can list on regional exchanges.

For example, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in Germany, the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) in Canada, and the Nigerian Exchange (NGX) in Nigeria.

3. Global Stock Exchange

They attract listings from companies worldwide. It provides a platform for cross-border trading and is recognized as a global financial hub. For example, the New York Stock Exchange, the Namibian Stock Exchange in Namibia, the Egyptian Exchange in Egypt, Nigerian Exchange in Nigeria.

How Do Stock Exchanges Work

The stock market is a marketplace where companies sell their shares of stock to be able to raise money to fund their operations. It also helps to sustain wealth for individual investors.

Companies can sell their ownership stakes to investors to raise money on the stock exchange. Shares of stock can also be known as equity stakes.

When companies list their shares for sale on the stock exchange, it makes up the stock market price. This also allows companies to have access to the capital they need to fund their operations and expand their businesses without taking on debt.

Before companies can sell stock to the public, they are required to disclose information and give shareholders a say in how their businesses are run.

Investors reap the benefits of exchanging their shares in the stock market as they become more valuable, which leads to capital gains. The shareholders get dividends paid as the company’s profits grow.

The individual performance stocks vary widely over time. The stock market has been recorded to reward investors with average annual returns. This is around 10%, which is the most reliable way of growing your money.

Importance Of Stock Exchanges

The stock exchange is important in the global financial system by mobilizing capital and efficiently distributing resources. It also influences the economy’s growth and supports investment.

Below are the key importance of the stock exchange:

1. Capital Formation

This helps companies to raise capital by issuing shares to investors, which ensures expansion, innovation, and growth of the company.

This normalizes investments, which allows individuals and institutions to become shareholders in companies. This process also helps to build wealth and financial inclusion.

3. Liquidity and Efficiency

It helps provide security for secondary market trades. It also enhances liquidity, which enables investors to buy and sell with ease and promotes market efficiency.

4. Price Discovery

This helps find the value of securities by letting supply and demand set prices based on what investors think and expect.

5. Economic Growth and Development

It helps economic growth by saving productive investments. It also helps in promoting entrepreneurship, supporting new businesses, and providing money for company growth.

6. Corporate Governance and Transparency

Listing makes companies more transparent and improves their governance standards and financial reports. It helps to increase investors’ trust and reduce corporate misconduct.

List Of Stock Exchanges Around The World

Below is a list of some major stock exchanges around the world.

List Of Stock Exchanges In Africa

Below is a list of some major stock exchange in Africa;

S/N	Exchanges
1.	Nigerian Exchange (NGX)
2.	Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)
3.	Casablanca Stock Exchange (MASI)
4.	Botswana Stock Exchange (BSE)
5.	Egyptian Exchange (EGX)
6.	Bourse Régionale des Valeurs Mobilières (BRVM)
7.	Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE)
8.	Stock Exchange of Mauritius (SEM)
9.	Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange
10.	Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE)
11.	Namibian Stock Exchange (NSX)

Benefits Of Listing With Stock Exchanges

Listing with a stock exchange gives special privileges to company shares. For instance, only the list of companies that are quoted on a stock exchange.

All listed companies tend to benefit in the following ways;

1. Accessing Capital

Listing shares on the stock exchange helps the company to access cheap capital. This also helps the company’s operations to keep running.

2. Increased Value

Stocks that are listed on a reputable exchange are considered more valuable. Companies can increase their reputation and shareholder base by listing more shares, which boosts their credibility.

3. Collateral Value

Most lenders accept listed securities as collateral and extend credit against them. Listed companies usually get faster approval for credit. They are considered to be more credible in the stock market.

4. Employee Benefits

Listing often gives employees stock options, which helps to keep them motivated and loyal to the company.

5. Liquidity

Listing allows shareholders to easily buy and sell their stocks. To help estimate their investment value and balance risks. Boosting their earnings with a small increase in the company value.

6. Mergers and Acquisitions

Listed companies have an edge in mergers and acquisitions because their information is available to help with valuation and due diligence.

Conclusion

Stock exchanges are important in the financial world. They provide a marketplace to trade stocks, bonds, and other assets while maintaining transparency and regulation.

Additionally, being listed on an exchange helps companies in mergers and acquisitions due to better information availability. Overall, stock exchanges support investment and improve economic growth. This helps to ensure efficient resource use and promotes good corporate governance.

Frequently Asked Questions